Periodic table with boiling points

1HHydrogen20 K 2HeHelium4 K 3LiLithium1,603 K 4BeBeryllium2,742 K 5BBoron4,200 K 6CCarbon4,098 K 7NNitrogen77 K 8OOxygen90 K 9FFluorine85 K 10NeNeon27 K 11NaSodium1,156 K 12MgMagnesium1,363 K 13AlAluminum2,743 K 14SiSilicon3,538 K 15PPhosphorus554 K 16SSulfur718 K 17ClChlorine239 K 18ArArgon87 K 19KPotassium1,032 K 20CaCalcium1,757 K 21ScScandium3,109 K 22TiTitanium3,560 K 23VVanadium3,680 K 24CrChromium2,944 K 25MnManganese2,334 K 26FeIron3,134 K 27CoCobalt3,200 K 28NiNickel3,186 K 29CuCopper2,835 K 30ZnZinc1,180 K 31GaGallium2,673 K 32GeGermanium3,106 K 33AsArsenic887 K 34SeSelenium958 K 35BrBromine332 K 36KrKrypton120 K 37RbRubidium961 K 38SrStrontium1,650 K 39YYttrium3,203 K 40ZrZirconium4,650 K 41NbNiobium5,017 K 42MoMolybdenum4,912 K 43TcTechnetium4,538 K 44RuRuthenium4,423 K 45RhRhodium3,968 K 46PdPalladium3,236 K 47AgSilver2,435 K 48CdCadmium1,040 K 49InIndium2,345 K 50SnTin2,875 K 51SbAntimony1,908 K 52TeTellurium1,261 K 53IIodine457 K 54XeXenon165 K 55CsCesium944 K 56BaBarium2,118 K 57LaLanthanum3,737 K 58CeCerium3,716 K 59PrPraseodymium3,793 K 60NdNeodymium3,347 K 61PmPromethium3,273 K 62SmSamarium2,067 K 63EuEuropium1,802 K 64GdGadolinium3,546 K 65TbTerbium3,503 K 66DyDysprosium2,840 K 67HoHolmium2,993 K 68ErErbium3,141 K 69TmThulium2,223 K 70YbYtterbium1,469 K 71LuLutetium3,675 K 72HfHafnium4,876 K 73TaTantalum5,731 K 74WTungsten6,203 K 75ReRhenium5,869 K 76OsOsmium5,285 K 77IrIridium4,403 K 78PtPlatinum4,098 K 79AuGold3,243 K 80HgMercury630 K 81TlThallium1,746 K 82PbLead2,022 K 83BiBismuth1,837 K 84PoPolonium1,235 K 85AtAstatine610 K 86RnRadon211 K 87FrFrancium950 K 88RaRadium2,010 K 89AcActinium3,471 K 90ThThorium5,061 K 91PaProtactinium4,300 K 92UUranium4,404 K 93NpNeptunium4,447 K 94PuPlutonium3,505 K 95AmAmericium2,880 K 96CmCurium3,383 K 97BkBerkelium2,900 K 98CfCalifornium1,743 K 99EsEinsteinium1,269 K 100FmFermium— 101MdMendelevium— 102NoNobelium— 103LrLawrencium— 104RfRutherfordium— 105DbDubnium— 106SgSeaborgium— 107BhBohrium— 108HsHassium— 109MtMeitnerium— 110DsDarmstadtium— 111RgRoentgenium— 112CnCopernicium— 113NhNihonium— 114FlFlerovium— 115McMoscovium— 116LvLivermorium— 117TsTennessine— 118OgOganesson— 57–71La–LuLanthanides 89–103Ac–LrActinides

Periodic Table of Elements

Hover over an element to see its data. Click to open its full page.

Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Lanthanide Actinide Unknown properties

Low · 4.22 K (-268.9 °C)6,203 K (5,929.8 °C) · High —

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The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas throughout. This table shows the boiling point of every element at normal atmospheric pressure in kelvin (K), with degrees Celsius alongside. Metals such as tungsten and rhenium boil at the highest temperatures, and helium boils at the lowest.

Highest and lowest values

Highest: Tungsten · 6,203 K (5,929.8 °C)
Lowest: Helium · 4.22 K (-268.9 °C)

How the boiling point changes from element 1 to 118

One bar per element, in order of atomic number. Dashed lines mark the noble gas that ends each period, so repeating peaks show the periodic pattern. Hover over a bar for its value; the table below lists them all.

What boiling point means

A liquid boils when its vapor pressure equals the pressure of its surroundings, so boiling points depend on pressure: high in the mountains, where the air pressure is lower, water boils below 100 °C. All values on this page are for standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm). To convert kelvin to degrees Celsius, subtract 273.15. Each cell shows the boiling point rounded to the nearest kelvin, and elements from fermium onward, with no known value, show a dash.

Boiling point trends

Like melting points, boiling points depend on the forces between particles. Metals, held together by metallic bonds, boil at high temperatures, and the transition metals in the middle of period 6 boil at the highest of all. Nonmetals made of small molecules boil at low temperatures, and in periods 1 to 6 the noble gas, made of single atoms, has the lowest boiling point.

Down group 18 the boiling point rises steadily from helium to radon, because bigger atoms with more electrons attract each other more strongly through London dispersion forces. The halogens follow the same pattern, from fluorine to astatine. Down group 1 it falls from lithium to cesium, because metallic bonding weakens as the atoms get larger.

Liquid range and exceptions

The gap between the melting and boiling points is the liquid range. Gallium has a very long one: it melts at 302.91 K but does not boil until 2673 K. Mercury stays liquid from 234.32 K to 629.88 K, which made it useful in thermometers.

Arsenic sublimes, passing straight from solid to gas at normal pressure. Its listed boiling point, 887 K, is really a sublimation point, which is why it is lower than its melting point; liquid arsenic only forms under pressure.

Worked example: nitrogen

Nitrogen boils at 77.36 K. Subtracting 273.15 gives −195.79 °C, so nitrogen is a gas at any everyday temperature. Cooled below this point it becomes liquid nitrogen, which is used to freeze food and biological samples quickly. Because it boils so far below room temperature, a few drops of liquid nitrogen spilled on a table boil away in seconds.

Lesson

Periodic trends

Printable version

Printable periodic table

Boiling points of all 118 elements

Click a column heading to sort.

Boiling points of all 118 elements

1	Hydrogen	H	20.27 K (-252.9 °C)
2	Helium	He	4.22 K (-268.9 °C)
3	Lithium	Li	1,603 K (1,329.8 °C)
4	Beryllium	Be	2,742 K (2,468.8 °C)
5	Boron	B	4,200 K (3,926.8 °C)
6	Carbon	C	4,098 K (3,824.8 °C)
7	Nitrogen	N	77.36 K (-195.8 °C)
8	Oxygen	O	90.19 K (-183 °C)
9	Fluorine	F	85.03 K (-188.1 °C)
10	Neon	Ne	27.07 K (-246.1 °C)
11	Sodium	Na	1,156.09 K (882.9 °C)
12	Magnesium	Mg	1,363 K (1,089.8 °C)
13	Aluminum	Al	2,743 K (2,469.8 °C)
14	Silicon	Si	3,538 K (3,264.8 °C)
15	Phosphorus	P	553.7 K (280.6 °C)
16	Sulfur	S	717.8 K (444.6 °C)
17	Chlorine	Cl	239.11 K (-34 °C)
18	Argon	Ar	87.3 K (-185.8 °C)
19	Potassium	K	1,032 K (758.8 °C)
20	Calcium	Ca	1,757 K (1,483.8 °C)
21	Scandium	Sc	3,109 K (2,835.8 °C)
22	Titanium	Ti	3,560 K (3,286.8 °C)
23	Vanadium	V	3,680 K (3,406.8 °C)
24	Chromium	Cr	2,944 K (2,670.8 °C)
25	Manganese	Mn	2,334 K (2,060.8 °C)
26	Iron	Fe	3,134 K (2,860.8 °C)
27	Cobalt	Co	3,200 K (2,926.8 °C)
28	Nickel	Ni	3,186 K (2,912.8 °C)
29	Copper	Cu	2,835 K (2,561.8 °C)
30	Zinc	Zn	1,180 K (906.8 °C)
31	Gallium	Ga	2,673 K (2,399.8 °C)
32	Germanium	Ge	3,106 K (2,832.8 °C)
33	Arsenic	As	887 K (613.8 °C)
34	Selenium	Se	958 K (684.8 °C)
35	Bromine	Br	332 K (58.9 °C)
36	Krypton	Kr	119.93 K (-153.2 °C)
37	Rubidium	Rb	961 K (687.8 °C)
38	Strontium	Sr	1,650 K (1,376.8 °C)
39	Yttrium	Y	3,203 K (2,929.8 °C)
40	Zirconium	Zr	4,650 K (4,376.8 °C)
41	Niobium	Nb	5,017 K (4,743.8 °C)
42	Molybdenum	Mo	4,912 K (4,638.8 °C)
43	Technetium	Tc	4,538 K (4,264.8 °C)
44	Ruthenium	Ru	4,423 K (4,149.8 °C)
45	Rhodium	Rh	3,968 K (3,694.8 °C)
46	Palladium	Pd	3,236 K (2,962.8 °C)
47	Silver	Ag	2,435 K (2,161.8 °C)
48	Cadmium	Cd	1,040 K (766.8 °C)
49	Indium	In	2,345 K (2,071.8 °C)
50	Tin	Sn	2,875 K (2,601.8 °C)
51	Antimony	Sb	1,908 K (1,634.8 °C)
52	Tellurium	Te	1,261 K (987.8 °C)
53	Iodine	I	457.4 K (184.2 °C)
54	Xenon	Xe	165.03 K (-108.1 °C)
55	Cesium	Cs	944 K (670.8 °C)
56	Barium	Ba	2,118 K (1,844.8 °C)
57	Lanthanum	La	3,737 K (3,463.8 °C)
58	Cerium	Ce	3,716 K (3,442.8 °C)
59	Praseodymium	Pr	3,793 K (3,519.8 °C)
60	Neodymium	Nd	3,347 K (3,073.8 °C)
61	Promethium	Pm	3,273 K (2,999.8 °C)
62	Samarium	Sm	2,067 K (1,793.8 °C)
63	Europium	Eu	1,802 K (1,528.8 °C)
64	Gadolinium	Gd	3,546 K (3,272.8 °C)
65	Terbium	Tb	3,503 K (3,229.8 °C)
66	Dysprosium	Dy	2,840 K (2,566.8 °C)
67	Holmium	Ho	2,993 K (2,719.8 °C)
68	Erbium	Er	3,141 K (2,867.8 °C)
69	Thulium	Tm	2,223 K (1,949.8 °C)
70	Ytterbium	Yb	1,469 K (1,195.8 °C)
71	Lutetium	Lu	3,675 K (3,401.8 °C)
72	Hafnium	Hf	4,876 K (4,602.8 °C)
73	Tantalum	Ta	5,731 K (5,457.8 °C)
74	Tungsten	W	6,203 K (5,929.8 °C)
75	Rhenium	Re	5,869 K (5,595.8 °C)
76	Osmium	Os	5,285 K (5,011.8 °C)
77	Iridium	Ir	4,403 K (4,129.8 °C)
78	Platinum	Pt	4,098 K (3,824.8 °C)
79	Gold	Au	3,243 K (2,969.8 °C)
80	Mercury	Hg	629.88 K (356.7 °C)
81	Thallium	Tl	1,746 K (1,472.8 °C)
82	Lead	Pb	2,022 K (1,748.8 °C)
83	Bismuth	Bi	1,837 K (1,563.8 °C)
84	Polonium	Po	1,235 K (961.8 °C)
85	Astatine	At	610 K (336.8 °C)
86	Radon	Rn	211.3 K (-61.8 °C)
87	Francium	Fr	950 K (676.8 °C)
88	Radium	Ra	2,010 K (1,736.8 °C)
89	Actinium	Ac	3,471 K (3,197.8 °C)
90	Thorium	Th	5,061 K (4,787.8 °C)
91	Protactinium	Pa	4,300 K (4,026.8 °C)
92	Uranium	U	4,404 K (4,130.8 °C)
93	Neptunium	Np	4,447 K (4,173.8 °C)
94	Plutonium	Pu	3,505 K (3,231.8 °C)
95	Americium	Am	2,880 K (2,606.8 °C)
96	Curium	Cm	3,383 K (3,109.8 °C)
97	Berkelium	Bk	2,900 K (2,626.8 °C)
98	Californium	Cf	1,743 K (1,469.8 °C)
99	Einsteinium	Es	1,269 K (995.8 °C)
100	Fermium	Fm	—
101	Mendelevium	Md	—
102	Nobelium	No	—
103	Lawrencium	Lr	—
104	Rutherfordium	Rf	—
105	Dubnium	Db	—
106	Seaborgium	Sg	—
107	Bohrium	Bh	—
108	Hassium	Hs	—
109	Meitnerium	Mt	—
110	Darmstadtium	Ds	—
111	Roentgenium	Rg	—
112	Copernicium	Cn	—
113	Nihonium	Nh	—
114	Flerovium	Fl	—
115	Moscovium	Mc	—
116	Livermorium	Lv	—
117	Tennessine	Ts	—
118	Oganesson	Og	—

More periodic table views

Charges Electronegativity Valence electrons Atomic mass Names and symbols Metals, nonmetals & metalloids Electron configuration Groups and periods Periodic trends Oxidation states Atomic radius Ionization energy Blocks (s, p, d, f) States of matter Melting point Density