Periodic table of states of matter

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298 K (24.9 °C)
1HHydrogen1.008 2HeHelium4.003 3LiLithium6.94 4BeBeryllium9.012 5BBoron10.81 6CCarbon12.011 7NNitrogen14.007 8OOxygen15.999 9FFluorine18.998 10NeNeon20.18 11NaSodium22.99 12MgMagnesium24.305 13AlAluminum26.982 14SiSilicon28.085 15PPhosphorus30.974 16SSulfur32.06 17ClChlorine35.45 18ArArgon39.948 19KPotassium39.098 20CaCalcium40.078 21ScScandium44.956 22TiTitanium47.867 23VVanadium50.942 24CrChromium51.996 25MnManganese54.938 26FeIron55.845 27CoCobalt58.933 28NiNickel58.693 29CuCopper63.546 30ZnZinc65.38 31GaGallium69.723 32GeGermanium72.63 33AsArsenic74.922 34SeSelenium78.971 35BrBromine79.904 36KrKrypton83.798 37RbRubidium85.468 38SrStrontium87.62 39YYttrium88.906 40ZrZirconium91.224 41NbNiobium92.906 42MoMolybdenum95.95 43TcTechnetium98 44RuRuthenium101.07 45RhRhodium102.91 46PdPalladium106.42 47AgSilver107.87 48CdCadmium112.41 49InIndium114.82 50SnTin118.71 51SbAntimony121.76 52TeTellurium127.6 53IIodine126.9 54XeXenon131.29 55CsCesium132.91 56BaBarium137.33 57LaLanthanum138.91 58CeCerium140.12 59PrPraseodymium140.91 60NdNeodymium144.24 61PmPromethium145 62SmSamarium150.36 63EuEuropium151.96 64GdGadolinium157.25 65TbTerbium158.93 66DyDysprosium162.5 67HoHolmium164.93 68ErErbium167.26 69TmThulium168.93 70YbYtterbium173.05 71LuLutetium174.97 72HfHafnium178.49 73TaTantalum180.95 74WTungsten183.84 75ReRhenium186.21 76OsOsmium190.23 77IrIridium192.22 78PtPlatinum195.08 79AuGold196.97 80HgMercury200.59 81TlThallium204.38 82PbLead207.2 83BiBismuth208.98 84PoPolonium209 85AtAstatine210 86RnRadon222 87FrFrancium223 88RaRadium226 89AcActinium227 90ThThorium232.04 91PaProtactinium231.04 92UUranium238.03 93NpNeptunium237 94PuPlutonium244 95AmAmericium243 96CmCurium247 97BkBerkelium247 98CfCalifornium251 99EsEinsteinium252 100FmFermium257 101MdMendelevium258 102NoNobelium259 103LrLawrencium266 104RfRutherfordium267 105DbDubnium268 106SgSeaborgium269 107BhBohrium270 108HsHassium277 109MtMeitnerium278 110DsDarmstadtium281 111RgRoentgenium282 112CnCopernicium285 113NhNihonium286 114FlFlerovium289 115McMoscovium290 116LvLivermorium293 117TsTennessine294 118OgOganesson294 57–71La–LuLanthanides 89–103Ac–LrActinides

Periodic Table of Elements

Hover over an element to see its data. Click to open its full page.

Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Halogen Noble gas Lanthanide Actinide Unknown properties

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At room temperature (25 °C, or 298 K), most elements are solids, 11 are gases and only 2, bromine and mercury, are liquids. This table colors every element as a solid, liquid or gas; drag the temperature slider anywhere from absolute zero to 6000 K to watch the elements melt and boil.

Which elements are gases and liquids?

The 11 gases at room temperature are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and chlorine, plus the six noble gases from helium to radon. All are nonmetals made of small molecules or single atoms that attract each other only weakly.

The two liquids are bromine, a nonmetal, and mercury, a metal. A few metals come close: cesium melts at about 28 °C and gallium at about 30 °C, so gallium melts in your hand. Every other element with a known melting point is a solid at room temperature.

Why elements have different states

The state of an element depends on how strongly its particles attract each other compared with how fast they move. Metals are held together by metallic bonding, and carbon and silicon by giant networks of covalent bonds, so they need high temperatures to melt. Molecular nonmetals such as nitrogen and oxygen are held together only by weak forces between molecules, so they stay gases down to very low temperatures.

The halogens show how these weak forces grow with size. Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid, because larger molecules with more electrons attract each other more strongly through London dispersion forces.

Using the temperature slider

Drag the slider or pick a preset: 0 K, 0 °C, 25 °C, 100 °C, 1000 K or 3000 K. At 100 °C every alkali metal except lithium has melted, along with gallium and phosphorus, and bromine has boiled away. At 3000 K only five elements are still solid: carbon, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium and osmium. Near the top of the scale, tungsten, which has the highest boiling point, is the last element still liquid.

States are shown at normal atmospheric pressure, and two values need care. Arsenic does not melt at normal pressure but passes straight from solid to gas (it sublimes), so it never appears as a liquid. Helium never freezes at normal pressure; its melting point was measured under high pressure, so treat its solid color near absolute zero with caution. Elements from rutherfordium onward have no known melting point and are shown as unknown.

Worked example: bromine

Bromine melts at 265.8 K (−7.35 °C) and boils at 332 K, about 59 °C. Set the slider to the 0 °C or 25 °C preset and bromine is a liquid; at the 100 °C preset it has turned into a gas. Slide below about −7 °C and it freezes into a solid.

Lesson

Metals, nonmetals and metalloids

 Printable version

Printable periodic table

State of all 118 elements at room temperature

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State of all 118 elements at room temperature
1 Hydrogen H Gas 13.99 K (-259.2 °C) 20.27 K (-252.9 °C)
2 Helium He Gas 0.95 K (-272.2 °C) 4.22 K (-268.9 °C)
3 Lithium Li Solid 453.65 K (180.5 °C) 1,603 K (1,329.8 °C)
4 Beryllium Be Solid 1,560 K (1,286.8 °C) 2,742 K (2,468.8 °C)
5 Boron B Solid 2,349 K (2,075.8 °C) 4,200 K (3,926.8 °C)
6 Carbon C Solid 3,823 K (3,549.8 °C) 4,098 K (3,824.8 °C)
7 Nitrogen N Gas 63.15 K (-210 °C) 77.36 K (-195.8 °C)
8 Oxygen O Gas 54.36 K (-218.8 °C) 90.19 K (-183 °C)
9 Fluorine F Gas 53.48 K (-219.7 °C) 85.03 K (-188.1 °C)
10 Neon Ne Gas 24.56 K (-248.6 °C) 27.07 K (-246.1 °C)
11 Sodium Na Solid 370.94 K (97.8 °C) 1,156.09 K (882.9 °C)
12 Magnesium Mg Solid 923 K (649.8 °C) 1,363 K (1,089.8 °C)
13 Aluminum Al Solid 933.47 K (660.3 °C) 2,743 K (2,469.8 °C)
14 Silicon Si Solid 1,687 K (1,413.8 °C) 3,538 K (3,264.8 °C)
15 Phosphorus P Solid 317.3 K (44.2 °C) 553.7 K (280.6 °C)
16 Sulfur S Solid 388.36 K (115.2 °C) 717.8 K (444.6 °C)
17 Chlorine Cl Gas 171.6 K (-101.5 °C) 239.11 K (-34 °C)
18 Argon Ar Gas 83.81 K (-189.3 °C) 87.3 K (-185.8 °C)
19 Potassium K Solid 336.7 K (63.6 °C) 1,032 K (758.8 °C)
20 Calcium Ca Solid 1,115 K (841.8 °C) 1,757 K (1,483.8 °C)
21 Scandium Sc Solid 1,814 K (1,540.8 °C) 3,109 K (2,835.8 °C)
22 Titanium Ti Solid 1,941 K (1,667.8 °C) 3,560 K (3,286.8 °C)
23 Vanadium V Solid 2,183 K (1,909.8 °C) 3,680 K (3,406.8 °C)
24 Chromium Cr Solid 2,180 K (1,906.8 °C) 2,944 K (2,670.8 °C)
25 Manganese Mn Solid 1,519 K (1,245.8 °C) 2,334 K (2,060.8 °C)
26 Iron Fe Solid 1,811 K (1,537.8 °C) 3,134 K (2,860.8 °C)
27 Cobalt Co Solid 1,768 K (1,494.8 °C) 3,200 K (2,926.8 °C)
28 Nickel Ni Solid 1,728 K (1,454.8 °C) 3,186 K (2,912.8 °C)
29 Copper Cu Solid 1,357.77 K (1,084.6 °C) 2,835 K (2,561.8 °C)
30 Zinc Zn Solid 692.68 K (419.5 °C) 1,180 K (906.8 °C)
31 Gallium Ga Solid 302.91 K (29.8 °C) 2,673 K (2,399.8 °C)
32 Germanium Ge Solid 1,211.4 K (938.3 °C) 3,106 K (2,832.8 °C)
33 Arsenic As Solid 1,090 K (816.8 °C) 887 K (613.8 °C)
34 Selenium Se Solid 494 K (220.9 °C) 958 K (684.8 °C)
35 Bromine Br Liquid 265.8 K (-7.3 °C) 332 K (58.9 °C)
36 Krypton Kr Gas 115.78 K (-157.4 °C) 119.93 K (-153.2 °C)
37 Rubidium Rb Solid 312.45 K (39.3 °C) 961 K (687.8 °C)
38 Strontium Sr Solid 1,050 K (776.8 °C) 1,650 K (1,376.8 °C)
39 Yttrium Y Solid 1,799 K (1,525.8 °C) 3,203 K (2,929.8 °C)
40 Zirconium Zr Solid 2,128 K (1,854.8 °C) 4,650 K (4,376.8 °C)
41 Niobium Nb Solid 2,750 K (2,476.8 °C) 5,017 K (4,743.8 °C)
42 Molybdenum Mo Solid 2,896 K (2,622.8 °C) 4,912 K (4,638.8 °C)
43 Technetium Tc Solid 2,430 K (2,156.8 °C) 4,538 K (4,264.8 °C)
44 Ruthenium Ru Solid 2,607 K (2,333.8 °C) 4,423 K (4,149.8 °C)
45 Rhodium Rh Solid 2,237 K (1,963.8 °C) 3,968 K (3,694.8 °C)
46 Palladium Pd Solid 1,828.05 K (1,554.9 °C) 3,236 K (2,962.8 °C)
47 Silver Ag Solid 1,234.93 K (961.8 °C) 2,435 K (2,161.8 °C)
48 Cadmium Cd Solid 594.22 K (321.1 °C) 1,040 K (766.8 °C)
49 Indium In Solid 429.75 K (156.6 °C) 2,345 K (2,071.8 °C)
50 Tin Sn Solid 505.08 K (231.9 °C) 2,875 K (2,601.8 °C)
51 Antimony Sb Solid 903.78 K (630.6 °C) 1,908 K (1,634.8 °C)
52 Tellurium Te Solid 722.66 K (449.5 °C) 1,261 K (987.8 °C)
53 Iodine I Solid 386.85 K (113.7 °C) 457.4 K (184.2 °C)
54 Xenon Xe Gas 161.4 K (-111.7 °C) 165.03 K (-108.1 °C)
55 Cesium Cs Solid 301.59 K (28.4 °C) 944 K (670.8 °C)
56 Barium Ba Solid 1,000 K (726.8 °C) 2,118 K (1,844.8 °C)
57 Lanthanum La Solid 1,193 K (919.8 °C) 3,737 K (3,463.8 °C)
58 Cerium Ce Solid 1,068 K (794.8 °C) 3,716 K (3,442.8 °C)
59 Praseodymium Pr Solid 1,208 K (934.8 °C) 3,793 K (3,519.8 °C)
60 Neodymium Nd Solid 1,297 K (1,023.8 °C) 3,347 K (3,073.8 °C)
61 Promethium Pm Solid 1,315 K (1,041.8 °C) 3,273 K (2,999.8 °C)
62 Samarium Sm Solid 1,345 K (1,071.8 °C) 2,067 K (1,793.8 °C)
63 Europium Eu Solid 1,099 K (825.8 °C) 1,802 K (1,528.8 °C)
64 Gadolinium Gd Solid 1,585 K (1,311.8 °C) 3,546 K (3,272.8 °C)
65 Terbium Tb Solid 1,629 K (1,355.8 °C) 3,503 K (3,229.8 °C)
66 Dysprosium Dy Solid 1,680 K (1,406.8 °C) 2,840 K (2,566.8 °C)
67 Holmium Ho Solid 1,734 K (1,460.8 °C) 2,993 K (2,719.8 °C)
68 Erbium Er Solid 1,802 K (1,528.8 °C) 3,141 K (2,867.8 °C)
69 Thulium Tm Solid 1,818 K (1,544.8 °C) 2,223 K (1,949.8 °C)
70 Ytterbium Yb Solid 1,097 K (823.8 °C) 1,469 K (1,195.8 °C)
71 Lutetium Lu Solid 1,925 K (1,651.8 °C) 3,675 K (3,401.8 °C)
72 Hafnium Hf Solid 2,506 K (2,232.8 °C) 4,876 K (4,602.8 °C)
73 Tantalum Ta Solid 3,290 K (3,016.8 °C) 5,731 K (5,457.8 °C)
74 Tungsten W Solid 3,695 K (3,421.8 °C) 6,203 K (5,929.8 °C)
75 Rhenium Re Solid 3,459 K (3,185.8 °C) 5,869 K (5,595.8 °C)
76 Osmium Os Solid 3,306 K (3,032.8 °C) 5,285 K (5,011.8 °C)
77 Iridium Ir Solid 2,719 K (2,445.8 °C) 4,403 K (4,129.8 °C)
78 Platinum Pt Solid 2,041.4 K (1,768.2 °C) 4,098 K (3,824.8 °C)
79 Gold Au Solid 1,337.33 K (1,064.2 °C) 3,243 K (2,969.8 °C)
80 Mercury Hg Liquid 234.32 K (-38.8 °C) 629.88 K (356.7 °C)
81 Thallium Tl Solid 577 K (303.8 °C) 1,746 K (1,472.8 °C)
82 Lead Pb Solid 600.61 K (327.5 °C) 2,022 K (1,748.8 °C)
83 Bismuth Bi Solid 544.7 K (271.6 °C) 1,837 K (1,563.8 °C)
84 Polonium Po Solid 527 K (253.9 °C) 1,235 K (961.8 °C)
85 Astatine At Solid 575 K (301.8 °C) 610 K (336.8 °C)
86 Radon Rn Gas 202 K (-71.1 °C) 211.3 K (-61.8 °C)
87 Francium Fr Solid 300 K (26.9 °C) 950 K (676.8 °C)
88 Radium Ra Solid 973 K (699.8 °C) 2,010 K (1,736.8 °C)
89 Actinium Ac Solid 1,323 K (1,049.8 °C) 3,471 K (3,197.8 °C)
90 Thorium Th Solid 2,023 K (1,749.8 °C) 5,061 K (4,787.8 °C)
91 Protactinium Pa Solid 1,841 K (1,567.8 °C) 4,300 K (4,026.8 °C)
92 Uranium U Solid 1,405.3 K (1,132.2 °C) 4,404 K (4,130.8 °C)
93 Neptunium Np Solid 912 K (638.8 °C) 4,447 K (4,173.8 °C)
94 Plutonium Pu Solid 912.5 K (639.4 °C) 3,505 K (3,231.8 °C)
95 Americium Am Solid 1,449 K (1,175.8 °C) 2,880 K (2,606.8 °C)
96 Curium Cm Solid 1,613 K (1,339.8 °C) 3,383 K (3,109.8 °C)
97 Berkelium Bk Solid 1,259 K (985.8 °C) 2,900 K (2,626.8 °C)
98 Californium Cf Solid 1,173 K (899.8 °C) 1,743 K (1,469.8 °C)
99 Einsteinium Es Solid 1,133 K (859.8 °C) 1,269 K (995.8 °C)
100 Fermium Fm Solid 1,800 K (1,526.8 °C) —
101 Mendelevium Md Solid 1,100 K (826.8 °C) —
102 Nobelium No Solid 1,100 K (826.8 °C) —
103 Lawrencium Lr Solid 1,900 K (1,626.8 °C) —
104 Rutherfordium Rf Unknown — —
105 Dubnium Db Unknown — —
106 Seaborgium Sg Unknown — —
107 Bohrium Bh Unknown — —
108 Hassium Hs Unknown — —
109 Meitnerium Mt Unknown — —
110 Darmstadtium Ds Unknown — —
111 Roentgenium Rg Unknown — —
112 Copernicium Cn Unknown — —
113 Nihonium Nh Unknown — —
114 Flerovium Fl Unknown — —
115 Moscovium Mc Unknown — —
116 Livermorium Lv Unknown — —
117 Tennessine Ts Unknown — —
118 Oganesson Og Unknown — —

More periodic table views

Charges Electronegativity Valence electrons Atomic mass Names and symbols Metals, nonmetals & metalloids Electron configuration Groups and periods Periodic trends Oxidation states Atomic radius Ionization energy Blocks (s, p, d, f) Melting point Boiling point Density